نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم ایران
2 عضو هیات علمی وابسته، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ملارد، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The institution of force majeure and its related concept, unforeseeable events, are among the key mechanisms in contract law for addressing crises and unforeseen circumstances—situations that either render contractual performance impossible or make continued adherence to the contract so burdensome that it becomes inconsistent with fairness and justice. Different legal systems, grounded in their distinct jurisprudential and philosophical foundations, have adopted varying mechanisms to deal with such circumstances. In Iranian law, the analysis of force majeure is primarily based on Imami jurisprudence and the principles governing the binding nature of contractual obligations (al-wafāʾ bi al-ʿahd), whereas in Egyptian law, the concept is influenced both by Sunni jurisprudence—particularly the Maliki school—and by the doctrines of the French civil law tradition. These intellectual differences manifest in the identification of what constitutes force majeure, the legal consequences attached to it, and the mechanisms for extinguishing or adjusting contractual obligations. This article, employing a comparative and descriptive–analytical approach, seeks to elucidate the precise meanings and distinctions between force majeure and unforeseeable events, and to examine the impact of such occurrences on the performance of contractual obligations in Iranian and Egyptian legal systems. The findings reveal that, despite a shared theoretical acceptance of the effect of force majeure on contractual obligations, Iranian law faces challenges due to fragmented sources, the absence of unified judicial practice, and the predominance of a judge-centered interpretive approach. By contrast, Egyptian law—benefiting from the codified structure of its Civil Code and a more rule-based interpretive framework—demonstrates greater efficiency in addressing coercive or unforeseen events. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of judicial consistency, equitable interpretation, and the adoption of comparative experiences from successful legal systems, offering recommendations for strengthening the institution of force majeure within Iranian law.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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